Hosni Mubarak, the former president of Egypt, ruled for three decades until he was ousted in 2011 in a violent uprising that transfixed the Arab world. He was the man Egyptians called their modern pharaoh, though usually in a cautious whisper.
The uprising, inspired by the revolution in Tunisia, began on Jan. 25. After 18 days of massive public demonstrations against his rule, more than 800 people were thought to have been killed by the police. Mr. Mubarak lost the support of his military, which promised to protect the demonstrators. On Feb. 11, 2011, Mr. Mubarak resigned and turned power over to the military.
In April, prosecutors began questioning him about charges of possible corruption and other crimes. Mr. Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial.
In August, Mr. Mubarak was wheeled into a courtroom cage on a hospital bed to stand trial, charged with corruption and complicity in the killing of protestors. It was a sight that few Egyptians could have imagined as the year began, and that many had doubted they would ever see.
In June 2012, Mr. Mubarak, along with his former interior minister, was found guilty of being an accessory to murder for failing to stop the killing of unarmed demonstrators during the uprising in January 2011 that ended his rule. He was sentenced to life in prison.
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